As a startup owner, understanding how to handle software costs is essential for financial planning and decision-making. One crucial concept is capitalized software costs, which involve recording the cost of developing custom software as an expenditure spread over the software's lifetime. This article aims to guide startup founders through capitalized software costs, its advantages and disadvantages, and the criteria for capitalization.
What Are Capitalized Software Costs? Capitalized software costs refer to recording the expenses of developing software as assets on a company's financial statements. These costs are recorded as the original value of the software minus accumulated depreciation and impairment charges. Capitalization allows for a more accurate reflection of the financial performance of the software asset.
When to Capitalize Software Costs: Generally, software costs are capitalized if they are perceived to be revenue-driving for a startup. The expenses that can be capitalized include core software development costs (such as developer compensation), indirect overheads, software testing, and other direct costs. Capitalization should begin after the preliminary stage, once funding has been committed and it is certain that the project will be completed and used for its intended function. Capitalization should end when substantial testing is completed or the project is unlikely to be finished.
Criteria for Capitalization: To qualify for capitalization, software development costs must meet specific criteria outlined under GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles). There are two stages where companies can capitalize on software costs:
Application Development Stage: During this coding stage, software intended for internal use, such as internal accounting or customer management systems, can be capitalized, except for general administrative costs related to development.
Technological Feasibility Stage: Once the software is deemed technologically feasible for sale or marketing to external users, costs incurred during this stage are generally capitalized, with a few exceptions.
Software Development Costs and Qualifications: Qualifying costs for capitalization include software developer compensation, allocation to indirect overhead, software testing, and other direct costs. These costs are then recorded as an asset on the balance sheet and amortized through the income statement over the software's useful life.
Benefits of Capitalizing Software Costs: One of the main benefits of capitalizing software costs is that they are amortized over time, resulting in lower reported expenses and higher net income. However, it's important to note that the decision to capitalize for GAAP purposes does not necessarily align with tax purposes.
Capitalization vs. Expense: The Gray Area: Determining when software reaches the "technologically feasible" phase but is not yet "available for sale" can be subjective, especially for software sold to the public.
Tax Savings: Capitalizing software costs enables companies to save on taxes by spreading the development costs over the software's useful life. This can provide opportunities to invest in hiring and internal projects.
Increased Profitability Ratio: Capitalizing software development costs can lead to short-term profit for companies, as the prices are amortized over time, reducing immediate expenses.
Enhanced Asset Value: Treating software costs as assets rather than operating expenses increases a company's total assets, providing a more accurate representation of its value.
Reduced Cash Flow Impact: Capitalizing software costs alleviates the immediate financial burden by distributing expenses over the software's useful life, minimizing the impact on cash flow.
Capitalization Criteria for Internal and External Use Software: Software for Internal Use: Software developed for a company's internal use, such as accounting or customer management systems, can be capitalized during the application development stage, except for general administrative costs related to development.
Software for External Use
: Software intended to be sold, leased, or marketed to the public can be capitalized once it achieves technological feasibility but has yet to be available for sale. Once the software becomes available for purchase, further costs must be expensed.
Considerations and Challenges
: Deciding which costs to capitalize and which to expense can be subjective and depends on various factors. It is essential to adhere to the guidelines set by GAAP and seek expert advice from accounting professionals to ensure compliance and accurate financial reporting.
Conservative companies classify software as available for sale once it reaches technological feasibility, leading to limited capitalization. On the other hand, less traditional companies may allocate more costs to the technologically feasible stage. Similarly, classifying internally used software in the development stage versus the implementation or project stage can also be subjective. We also advise seeking help/services from professionals and not treating the following as financial/accounting advice but rather general information.
Understanding capitalized software costs is crucial for startup founders to effectively manage software development expenses and accurately reflect their company's financial performance. By capitalizing eligible software costs, startups can benefit from tax savings, increased profitability ratios, enhanced asset values, and reduced cash flow impact. However, it is essential to navigate the nuances and challenges of capitalization and seek professional guidance to ensure compliance with accounting standards. By leveraging the advantages of capitalization and making informed decisions, startups can optimize their financial strategies and propel their growth in the competitive software industry.
